Validate PWM frequency, duty cycle, average voltage and logic compatibility before connecting a driver.
Guided setup
Set the generator to square wave, 1 kHz, 3.3 Vpp and 25% duty.nInspect the virtual oscilloscope and pulse width.nCompare DMM average with duty × high voltage.nValidate ESP32 to a 5 V relay module and identify the supply/current problem.
Expected observations
Period is 1 ms and HIGH time is 250 µs.nAverage ideal PWM level is approximately 0.825 V.nA relay coil must not be powered from GPIO.
Checkpoints
Check
Expected
Evidence
Frequency
1 kHz within displayed precision
Counter readoutnDuty
Fault injection
Fault
Symptom
Corrective action
Wrong duty
Slider or preset mismatch
Reset preset and inspect outputnRelay overheats GPIO
Generate, measure, decode
Virtual Hardware Bench Pro
Use one reusable browser bench for signal generation, virtual measurement, protocol decoding and electrical board-to-module compatibility checks. All calculations run locally.
